General Knowledge FPSC/PPSC/CSS Test
WORLD GK
Intelligence Agencies of the World
Intelligence Agencies Country
Inter Services Intelligence (ISI) Pakistan
Central Intelligence Agencies (CIA) and
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
United States of America
Komitet gosudarstvennoy bezopasnosti
(KGB)/ Glavnoje Razvedyvatel'noje
Upravlenije (GRU)
Russia
MOSSAD Israel
Militärischer Nachrichtendienst Switzerland
Australian Security and Intelligence
Organization
Australia
Centro Intelligence Interforze (CII) Italy
Royal Intelligence Corps Malaysia
Mukhbarat Egypt
Central External Liaison Department China
Military Counterintelligence Service Germany
Sazamane Etelaat va Amniate Kechvar
(SAVAK)
Iran
Etterretningstjenesten Norway
Naicho Japan
Bureau of State Security (BOSS) South Africa
Canadian Security Intelligence Service Canada
Al Mukbharat Iraq
Direction General de Securite Exterieur
(DGSE)
France
Secret Intelligence Service United Kingdom
General Intelligence Presidency Saudi Arabia
Security and Intelligence Division Singapore
Parliaments of different Countries
Country Parliament
India Sansad (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha)
Bangladesh Jatiya Sansad
Spain Cortes Generales
Pakistan National Assembly
Nepal Rashtriya Panchayat
Israel Knesset
Canada Parliament
Russia Duma and Federal Council
United States of America Congress (House of Representatives and
Senate)
Germany Bundstag – Upper House
Bundesrat – Lower House
Maldives Mazlis
Bhutan Tshogdu
Australia Federal Parliament
World GK PDF
Denmark Folketing
China National People’s Congress
Iran Majlis
Mynamar Pyithu Hluttaw
Japan Diet
France National Assembly
Norway Storting
Afghanistan Shora
Turkey Grand National Assembly
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND HEADQUARTERS
International renewable energy agency Abu Dhabi(UAE)
Transparency international Berlin
Universal postal union Berne
World Health Organization (WHO) Geneva
World Trade Organization (WTO) Geneva
International Labour Organization (ILO) Geneva
International Telecommunication Union Geneva
World Meteorological Organization Geneva
International committee of the red cross Geneva
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Geneva
International standard organization Geneva
United Nation Conference on Trade And Development [UNCTAD] Geneva
SAARC Kathmandu
Amnesty international London
International maritime organization London
Common wealth of nations London
World Tourism Organization London
International Criminal Police Organization(Interpol) Lyon
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Montreal
United Nations Organizations (UNO) New York
United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) New York
United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) New York
Organization for ECONOMIC Co-Operation Development [ OECD ] Paris
United Nations Educational, Scientific and cultural organizations
(UNESCO)
Paris
Food and agriculture organization Rome
World Tourism Organization Spain
International court of justice Hague
Organization of the PETROLEUM Exporting Countries [ OPEC ] Vienna
International atomic energy agency Vienna
United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) Vienna
Global Financial Integrity (GFI) Washington,D.C.
World bank Washington,D.C.
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International Monetary Fund (IMF) Washington,D.C.
Bank of International Settlement Switzerland
GEOGRAPHICAL EPITHETS
Name Place
Yellow River Hwang Ho
Blue Mountains Nilgiri Hills, India
Windy City Chicago, USA
City of Sky Scrappers New York, USA
Venice of the North Stockholm
City of Dreaming Spires Oxford, England
Venice of the East Cochin, India
City of Golden Gate San Francicso, USA
Sugar Bowl of the World Cuba
Cockpit of Europe Belgium
Queen of the Adriatic Venice, Italy
Dark Continent Africa
Eternal City Rome
Pearl of Antilles Cuba
Land of Rising Sun Japan
Island of Pearls Bahrain
Forbidden City Lhasa, Tibet
Granite City Aberdeen, Scotland
Land of Golden Fleece Australia
Land of White Elephant Thailand
Land of Mid Night Sun Norway
Never Never Land Prairies of Northern Australia
Pillars of Hercules Strait of Gibraltar
Herring Pond Atlantic Ocean
China’s Sorrow Hwang Ho
NATIONAL EMBLEMS OF IMPORTANT COUNTRIES
Country Emblem
India Lion Capital of Ashoka
Pakistan Crescent and Star
Bangladesh Water Lilly
Netherlands Lion
UK Rose
USA Golden Rod
Italy White Lilly
Australia Kangaroo
New Zealand Kiwi
Germany Corn Flower
Norway Lion
France Lily
Iran Rose
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Spain Eagle
Japan Chrysanthemum
Canada Maple Leaf, Lily
Sri Lanka Lion
Hong Kong Bauhinia
Iran Rose
Israel Candelabrum
Turkey Crescent and Star
NEWS AGENCIES OF SOME COUNTRIES
Country Agency
USA Associated Press (AP), United Press
International (UP)
UK Reuters
Russia Telegraph Agency of the Sovereign States
(TASS), Novosti
Malaysia Malaysian National News Agency (MNNA)
Italy Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associate (ANSA)
Israel Associated Israel Press (AIP)
France Agence France Presse (AFP)
India Press Trust of India (PTI), United News of
India (UNI), Samachar Bharti
China Hin Hua
Japan Kyodo
Indonesia Antara
Iran Islamic Republic News Agency (IRNA)
Germany Deutsche Presse Agentur (DPA)
Palestine WAFA
Australia Australian Associated Press
Pakistan Pakistan Press International (PPI), Associated
Press of Pakistan (APP)
Egypt Middle East News Agency (MENA)
SIGNS AND SYMBOLS
Signs and Symbols Meaning
Pen Symbol of Culture and Civilization
Red Cross Medical Aid and Hospital
Red Flag Revolution and also a sign of Danger
Black Flag Symbol of Protest
Yellow Flag Flown on Ships or Vehicles carrying patients
suffering from infectious diseases
Flag flown upside down Symbol of distress
Flag flown at half mast Symbol of National Mourning
White Flag Symbol of Truce
Red Triangle Sign of Family Planning
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Pegion or Dove Symbol of Peace
Red Light Stop or Danger or Emergency
Wheel Symbol of Progress
Olive Branch Symbol of Peace
Union Jack National Flag of UK
Stars and Stripes National Flag of the USA
LIST OF LOCAL WINDS
Name of the Local Wind Nature of Wind
Chinook Hot and Dry wind in Rockies
Foehn Hot and Dry wind in Alps
Khamsin Hot and Dry wind in Egypt
Sirocco Hot and Moist wind from Sahara to
Mediterranean Sea
Solano Hot and Moist wind from Sahara towards
Iberian Peninsula
Harmattan Hot and Dry Wind blowing in West Africa
Bora Cold and Dry wind blowing outwards from
Hungary to Northern Italy
Mistral Very cold wind (Blows from Alps over
France)
Punas Cold and dry wind blowing down towards
the western side of Andes
Blizzard Cold winds in Tundra Region
Purga Cold wind in Russian Tundra
Levanter Cold wind in Spain
Norwester Hot wind in New Zealand
Santa Ana Hot wind in South California
IMPORTANT STRAITS OF THE WORLD
Name of the Strait Water Bodies Joined
Bab-al-Mandeb Red Sea and Arabian Sea
Bering Arctic Ocean and Bering Sea
Bosphorus Black Sea and Marmara Sea
Dover North Sea and Atlantic Ocean
Florida Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean
Gibralter Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean
Malacca Java sea and Bay of Bengal
Palk Bay of Bengal and Indian Ocean
Megellan South Pacific and South Atlantic Ocean
Sunda Java Sea and Indian Ocean
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IMPORTANT CANALS IN THE WORLD
Name of the Canal Connects
Panama Sea Pacific Ocean with Caribbean Sea
Suez Canal Mediterranean Sea to Red Sea
Erie Atlantic Ocean to Great Lakes
Kiel North Sea to Baltic Sea
IMPORTANT LAKES IN THE WORLD
Lake Location
Caspian Russia and CIS
Superior Canada and USA
Victoria Tanzania (Africa)
Huron Canada and USA
Michigan USA
Tanganyika Africa
Baikal Russia (CIS)
Great Bear Canada
Aral Russia (CIS)
Great Slave Canada
MAJOR RIVERS OF THE WORLD
River Origin
Nile Victoria Lake
Amazon Andes (Peru)
Yangtze Tibetan Kiang Plateau
Mississipi
Missouri
Itaska Lake (USA)
Yenisei Tannu-Ola Mountains
Hunag Ho Kunlun Mountains
Ob Altai Mountais, Russia
Congo Lualaba and Luapula rivers
Amur North East China
Lena Baikal Mountains
Mekong Tibetan Highlands
Niger Guinea
GREAT DESERTS OF THE WORLD
Name of the Desert Country/Region
Sahara (Libyan, Nubian) North Africa
Australian (Gibson, Simpson), Victorian
(Great Sandy)
Australia
Arabian (Rub al Khali, An-Nafud) Arabia
Dast-e-Lut (Barren Desert) Iran
Dast-e-Kavir (Salt Desert) Iran
Desierto de Sechura Peru
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Atacama N Chile
Patagonia Argentina
Kalahari Botswana
Namib Namibia
FAMOUS GRASSLANDS OF THE WORLD
Grasslands Countries
Steppe Eurasia
Pustaz Hungary
Prairie USA
Pampas Argentina and Uruguay
Veld South Africa
Downs Australia
Cantebury New Zealand
IMPORTANT INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY LINES
Name of the Boundary Line In Between Countries
Radcliffe Line India and Pakistan
Mac Mohan Line India and China
Durand Line Pakistan and Afghanistan
Hindenburg Line Germany and Poland
Maginot Line France and Germany
Order Neisse Line Germany and Poland
Siegfried Line Fortification between Germany and France
38th Parallel Line North and South Korea
49th Parellel Line USA and Canada
24th Parallel Line Pakistan claims it is the boundary between
India and Pakistan in Rann of Kuchch
17th Parallel Line North Vietnam and South Vietnam
DIFFERENT REVOLUTIONS
Name of the Revolution Associated Field
Yellow Revolution Oilseeds
White Revolution Milk
Black Revolution Petroleum Production
Red Revolution Meat and Tomato Products
Round Revolution Potato
Silver Fiber Revolution Cotton
Blue Revolution Fish
Pink Revolution Shrimp
Grey Revolution Wool
Evergreen Revolution Overall Development of Agriculture
Green Revolution Food Grains
Golden Revolution Horticulture
Silver Revolution Egg and Poultry
Brown Revolution Cocoa
Rainbow Revolution Amalgamation of all the above revolutions
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IMPORTANT CUPS AND TROPHIES
Sport Cup and Trophy
Polo Ezra Cup, Winchestor Cup, Radha Mohan
Cup
Bridge Ruia Trophy
Rowing Wollington Trophy
Boxing Aspy Adjania Trophy
Badminton Thomas Cup (Men), Uber Cup (Women),
Narang Cup, Agarwal Cup
Cricket Irani Trophy, Duleep Trophy, Ranji Trophy,
Vizzy Trophy, Asia Cup, Deodhar Trophy, CK
Naidu Trophy, Cooch-Behar Trophy, Vijay
Merchant Trophy, Vizzy Trophy
Hockey Agha Khan Cup, Azlan Shah Cup, Nehru
Trophy, Dhyanchand Trophy, Beighton Cup,
Scindia Gold Cup, Modi Gold Cup, Khan
Abdul Gaffar Cup, Rangaswami Cup, Rene
Frank Trophy
Lawn Tennis Davis Cup, Hamlet Cup, Australian Open,
French Open, Wimbledon, US Open
Table Tennis Corbillion Cup (Women), Jayalaxmi Cup
(Women), Swaythling Cup (Men),Barna-
Bellack Cup,
Golf Canada Cup, Muthiah Gold Cup, Ryder Cup,
Walker Cup
Football Durand Cup, Nizam Gold Cup, Rovers Cup,
Sanjay Gold Cup, Santosh Trophy, Subroto
Mukherjee Cup, Vittal Trophy, Nehru Gold
Cup,
IMPORTANT FESTIVALS IN THE WORLD
Alba White Truffle Festival Alba, Italy
Baltic Herring Festival Helsinki, Finland
Chinchilla Melon Festival(Watermelon) Australia
Chocolate Festival London, UK
International Mango Festival New Delhi, India
Ivrea Orange Festival Ivrea, Italy
Maine Lobster Festival Rockland USA
Maslenitsa Festival (Pancake Festival) Moscow, Russia
Melbourne Food & Wine Festival Melbourne, Australia
Mistura Food Festival Lima, Peru
Monkey Buffet Festival Lopburi Province, Thailand
Oktoberfest Munich, Germany
Onion Eating Festival Spain
Orange Festival Poland
Pancake Festival Moscow, Russia
San Francisco Street Food Festival San Francisco, USA
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Potato Festival – Sweden
Tomato Festival Spain
Vegetarian Festival Thailand
FAMOUS MONUMENTS AROUND THE WORLD
Name of the Monument Country
Statue of Liberty New York, USA
The Eiffel Tower Paris, France
St Basil’s Cathedral Moscow, Russia
Blue Domed Church Santorini, Greece
The Great Sphinx Giza, Egypt
Machu Pichu Peru
Big Ben London
Burj al Arab Hotel Dubai
Tower of Pisa Italy
Christ the Redeemer Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Lascaux Cave Paintings France
Loch Ness Scotland
Mont St Michel France
Bran Castle Transylvania, Romania
Agia Sophia Istanbul, Turkey
Branderburg Gate Berlin, Germany
Acropolis Athens, Greece
Sagrada Familia Barcelona, Spain
Uluru Sandstone Australia
Mount Fuji Japan
Mount Eden Crater New Zealand
Al Aqsa Mosque Jerusalem
Angkor Wat Cambodia
St Peter’s Cathedral Vatican City
Mount Rushmore South Dakota
Victoria Falls Between Zambia and Zimbabwe
The Great Canyon Arizona
Petra Rock cut Architecture Jordan
Cape of Good Hope South Africa
Chichen Itza Mexico
Inukshuk Canada
Table Mountain Cape Town, South Africa
Golden Gate Bridge San Francisco, California
Kilimanjaro Tanzania
Forbidden City Beijing
Iguazu Falls On the border of Brazil and Argentina
The Colosseum Rome, Italy
Twyfelfontein – Ancient Rock Engravings Namibia
The Blue Mosque Istanbul
Millau Bridge France
Luxor Temple Egypt
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Faisal Mosque Islamabad, Pakistan
The Empire State Building New York
Newgrange Tomb Ireland
Tilcho Lake Nepal
Pompeii Italy
The Wailing Wall Jerusalem
Abu Simbel Egypt
Middle of the Earth or The Ciudad Mitad del
Mundo
Ecuador
Potala Palace Llasa, Tibet
Angel Falls Venezuela
Ephesus Turkey
Twelve Apostles Australia
The National Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall China
The Sultan Ahmed Mosque Turkey
THE WORLD’S GREAT MOUNTAIN RANGES
Name Continent Highest Peak Peak Height (Ft)
Himalayas Asia Mount Everest 29035
Karakoram Asia K2 28251
Hindu Kush Asia Tirich Mir 25289
Pamir Asia Ismoil Somoni Peak 24590
Tien Shan Asia Jengish Chokusu 24406
Andes South America Aconcagua 22838
Alaska Range North America Denali 20322
Caucasus Europe/Asia Mount Elbrus 18510
Alps Europe Mount Blanc 15780
Transantarctic
Range
Antarctica Mount Kirkpatrick 14856
Rockies North America Mount Elbert 14440
Great Dividing
Range
Australia Mount Kosciuszko 7310
Urals Asia/Europe Mount Narodnaya 6217
MAJOR STOCK EXCHANGES IN THE WORLD
Exchange Economy Headquarters
New York Stock Exchange United States New York
NASDAQ United States New York
London Stock Exchange
Group
United Kingdom
Italy
London
Japan Exchange Group Japan Tokyo
Shanghai Exchange Group China Shanghai
Hong Kong Stock Exchange Hong Kong Hong Kong
Euronext European Union Amsterdam
Brussels
Lisbon
Paris
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Shenzhen Stock Exchange China Shenzhen
TMX Group Canada Toronto
Deutsche Borse Germany Frankfurt
Bombay Stock Exchange India Mumbai
National Stock Exchange of
India
India Mumbai
Australian Securities
Exchange
Australia Sydney
Korea Exchange South Korea Seoul
OMX Nordic Exchange Northern Europe
Armenia
Stockholm
JSE Limited South Africa Johannesburg
BME Spanish Exchanges Spain Madrid
Taiwan Stock Exchange Taiwan Taipei
BM&F Bovespa Brazil Sao Paulo
ALL COUNTRIES CAPITAL AND CURRENCIES
Australian Dollar
Australia Canberra Australian dollar
Christmas Island Flying Fish Cove Australian dollar
Cocos (Keeling) Islands Bantam Australian dollar
Kiribati Tarawa Australian dollar
Nauru Yaren Australian dollar
Norfolk Island Kingston Australian dollar
Tuvalu Fongafale82 Australian dollar
CFA Franc
Benin Porto Novo CFA franc
Burkina Faso Ouagadougou CFA franc
Cameroon Yaoundé CFA franc
Central African Republic Bangui CFA franc
Chad N'Djamena CFA franc
Congo Brazzaville CFA franc
Côte d'Ivoire Yamoussoukro30 CFA franc
Equatorial Guinea Malabo CFA franc
Gabon Libreville CFA franc
Guinea-Bissau Bissau CFA franc
Mali Bamako CFA franc
Niger Niamey CFA franc
Senegal Dakar CFA franc
Togo Lomé CFA franc
CFP Franc
French Polynesia Papeete CFP franc
New Caledonia Nouméa CFP franc
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Wallis and Futuna Mata-Utu CFP franc
Dinar
Algeria Algiers Algerian dinar
Bahrain Manama Bahraini dinar
Iraq Baghdad Iraqi dinar
Jordan Amman Jordanian dinar
Kuwait Kuwait City Kuwaiti dinar
Libya Tripoli Libyan dinar
Serbia and Montenegro Belgrade70 dinar (1); euro (2)
Sudan Khartoum Sudanese dinar
Tunisia Tunis Tunisian dinar
Dollar
The Bahamas Nassau Bahamian dollar
Barbados Bridgetown Barbados dollar
Belize Belmopan Belize dollar
Bermuda Hamilton Bermuda dollar
Brunei Bandar Seri Begawan Brunei dollar
Canada Ottawa Canadian dollar
Cayman Islands George Town Cayman Islands dollar
Fiji Suva Fiji dollar
Guyana Georgetown Guyanese dollar
Hong Kong - Hong Kong dollar
Jamaica Kingston Jamaica dollar
Liberia Monrovia Liberian dollar
Namibia Windhoek
Namibian dollar; South
African rand
Singapore Singapore Singapore dollar
Solomon Islands Honiara Solomon Islands dollar
Trinidad and Tobago Port of Spain
Trinidad and Tobago
dollar
Zimbabwe Harare Zimbabwe dollar
East Carribean Dollar
Anguilla The Valley
Eastern Caribbean
dollar
Antigua and Barbuda St John's
Eastern Caribbean
dollar
Dominica Roseau
Eastern Caribbean
dollar
Grenada St George's
Eastern Caribbean
dollar
Montserrat Plymouth
Eastern Caribbean
dollar
Saint Kitts and Nevis Basseterre
Eastern Caribbean
dollar
Saint Lucia Castries
Eastern Caribbean
dollar
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Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Kingstown
Eastern Caribbean
dollar
Euro
Serbia and Montenegro Belgrade dinar (1); euro (2)
Andorra Andorra la Vella Euro
Austria Vienna Euro
Belgium Brussels Euro
Finland Helsinki Euro
France Paris Euro
French Guiana Cayenne Euro
Germany Berlin Euro
Greece Athens Euro
Guadeloupe Basse Terre Euro
Ireland Dublin Euro
Italy Rome Euro
Luxembourg Luxembourg Euro
Martinique Fort-de-France Euro
Mayotte Mamoudzou Euro
Monaco Monaco Euro
Netherlands Amsterdam54 Euro
Portugal Lisbon euro
Réunion Saint-Denis euro
Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saint-Pierre euro
San Marino San Marino euro
Spain Madrid euro
The Hoy See (Vatican City State) Vatican City euro
Franc
Burundi Bujumbura Burundi franc
Comoros Moroni Comorian franc
Democratic Republic of the Congo Kinshasa Congolese franc
Djibouti Djibouti Djibouti franc
Guinea Conakry Guinean franc
Madagascar Antananarivo Malagasy franc
Rwanda Kigali Rwandese franc
Liechtenstein Vaduz Swiss franc
Switzerland Berne Swiss franc
Krone
Denmark Copenhagen
Danish krone (pl.
kroner)
Faeroe Islands Thorshavn
Danish krone (pl.
kroner)
Greenland Nuuk
Danish krone (pl.
kroner)
Norway Oslo
Norwegian krone (pl.
kroner)
Svalbard and Jan Mayen Longyearbyen
Norwegian krone (pl.
kroner)
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Sweden Stockholm
Swedish krona (pl.
kronor)
New Zealand dollar
Cook Islands Avarua New Zealand dollar
New Zealand Wellington New Zealand dollar
Niue Alofi New Zealand dollar
Pitcairn Islands Adamstown New Zealand dollar
Tokelau Fakaofo New Zealand dollar
Peso
Argentina Buenos Aires Argentine peso
Chile Santiago Chilean peso
Colombia Santa Fe de Bogotá Colombian peso
Cuba Havana Cuban peso
Dominican Republic Santo Domingo Dominican peso
Mexico Mexico City Mexican peso
Philippines Manila Philippine peso
Uruguay Montevideo Uruguayan peso
RUPEE
India New Delhi Indian rupee
Mauritius Port Louis Mauritian rupee
Nepal Kathmandu Nepalese rupee
Pakistan Islamabad Pakistani rupee
Seychelles Victoria Seychelles rupee
Sri Lanka Colombo Sri Lankan rupee
Singular Currency countries
Afghanistan Kabul Afghani
Albania Tirana Lek
Angola Luanda Kwanza
Armenia Yerevan dram (inv.)
Aruba Oranjestad Aruban guilder
Azerbaijan Baku Azerbaijani manat
Bangladesh Dhaka taka (inv.)
Belarus Minsk Belarusian rouble
Bhutan Thimphu ngultrum (inv.)
Bolivia Sucre16 Boliviano
Bosnia and Herzegovina Sarajevo Bosnian convertible mark
Botswana Gaborone pula (inv.)
Brazil Brasilia Brazilian real (pl. reais)
Bulgaria Sofia lev (pl. leva)
Cambodia Phnom Penh Riel
Cape Verde Praia Cape Verde escudo
China Beijing renminbi-yuan (inv.)
Costa Rica San José
Costa Rican colón (pl.
colones)
Croatia Zagreb kuna (inv.)
Cyprus Nicosia Cyprus pound
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Czech Republic Prague Czech koruna (pl. koruny)
Egypt Cairo Egyptian pound
Eritrea Asmara nakfa (inv.)
Estonia Tallinn Estonian kroon (pl. krooni)
Ethiopia Addis Ababa Ethiopian birr (inv.)
Falkland Islands Stanley Falkland Islands pound
Former Yugoslav Republic of
Macedonia Skopje denar (inv.)
Georgia Tbilisi Lari
Ghana Accra Cedi
Gibraltar Gibraltar Gibraltar pound
Guatemala Guatemala City
Guatemalan quetzal (pl.
quetzales)
Haiti Port-au-Prince Gourde
Honduras Tegucigalpa Lempira
Hungary Budapest forint (inv.)
Iceland Reykjavik Icelandic króna (pl. krónur)
Indonesia Jakarta Indonesian rupiah (inv.)
Iran Tehran Iranian rial
Israel Tel Aviv new shekel
Japan Tokyo yen (inv.)
Kazakhstan Astana tenge (inv.)
Kenya Nairobi Kenyan shilling
Kyrgyzstan Bishkek Som
Laos Vientiane kip (inv.)
Latvia Riga lats (pl. lati)
Lebanon Beirut Lebanese pound
Lesotho Maseru loti (pl. maloti)
Lithuania Vilnius litas (pl. litai)
Macau Macau Pataca
Malawi Lilongwe Malawian kwacha (inv.)
Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Malaysian ringgit (inv.)
Maldives Malé Rufiyaa
Malta Valletta Maltese lira
Mauritania Nouakchott Mauritanian ouguiya
Moldova Chisinau Moldovan leu (pl. lei)
Mongolia Ulan Bator Tugrik
Morocco Rabat Moroccan dirham
Mozambique Maputo metical (pl. meticais)
Myanmar Yangon Kyat
Netherlands Antilles Willemstad
Netherlands Antillean
guilder
Nicaragua Managua Córdoba
Nigeria Abuja58 naira (inv.)
North Korea Pyongyang North Korean won (inv.)
Oman Muscat Omani rial
Panama Panama City Balboa
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Papua New Guinea Port Moresby kina (inv.)
Paraguay Asunción guaraní (pl. guaraníes)
Peru Lima new sol
Poland Warsaw Zloty
Qatar Doha Qatari riyal
Romania Bucharest Romanian leu (pl. lei)
Russia Moscow Rouble
Saint Helena Jamestown Saint Helena pound
Samoa Apia tala (inv.)
São Tomé and Príncipe São Tomé Dobra
Saudi Arabia Riyadh Saudi riyal
Sierra Leone Freetown Leone
Slovakia Bratislava Slovak koruna (pl. koruny)
Slovenia Ljubljana Tolar
Somalia Mogadishu Somali shilling
South Africa Pretoria Rand
South Korea Seoul South Korean won (inv.)
Suriname Paramaribo Suriname guilder
Swaziland Mbabane lilangeni (pl. emalangeni)
Sweden Stockholm Swedish krona (pl. kronor)
Syria Damascus Syrian pound
Tajikistan Dushanbe Somoni
Tanzania Dodoma78 Tanzanian shilling
Thailand Bangkok baht (inv.)
The Gambia Banjul dalasi (inv.)
Tonga Nuku'alofa pa'anga (inv.)
Turkey Ankara Turkish lira
Turkmenistan Ashgabat Turkmen manat (inv.)
Uganda Kampala Ugandan shilling
Ukraine Kiev Hryvnia
United Arab Emirates Abu Dhabi UAE dirham
United Kingdom London pound sterling
Uzbekistan Tashkent sum (inv.)
Vanuatu Port Vila vatu (inv.)
Venezuela Caracas Bolívar
Vietnam Hanoi Dong
Western Sahara85 Al aaiun Moroccan dirham
Yemen San'a Yemeni rial
Zambia Lusaka Zambian kwacha (inv.)
US DOLLARS
American Samoa Pago Pago US dollar
British Virgin Islands Road Town US dollar
Ecuador Quito US dollar
Guam Hagåtña US dollar
Marshall Islands Majuro US dollar
Micronesia Palikir US dollar
Northern Marianas Garapan US dollar
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Palau Koror US dollar
Puerto Rico San Juan US dollar
Timor-Leste Dili US dollar
Turks and Caicos Islands Cockburn Town US dollar
United States Washington DC US dollar
US Virgin Islands Charlotte Amalie US dollar
El Salvador San Salvador US dollar
FATHERS OF VARIOUS BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY
Subject Scientist
Father of Botany Theophrastus
Father of Zoology Aristotle
Father of Biology Aristotle
Father of Modern Botany Linnaeus
Father of Endochrinology Thomas Addison
Father of Immunology Edward Jenner
Father of Agronomy Peter De-cresenji
Father of Genetics GJ Mendel
Father of Modern Genetics TH Morgan
Father of Biodiversity EO Wilson
Father of Cytology Robert Hooke
Father of Palynology Erdtman
Father of Mycology Micheli
Father of Indian Forestry Sir Dietrich Brandis
Father of Plant Physiology Stephan Hales
Father of Gene Therapy Anderson
Father of Indian Paleobotany Birbal Sahani
Father of Polygenic Inheritance Kolreuter
Father of Surgery and Plastic Surgery Susruta
Father of Anatomy Herophilus
Father of Ethology Konard Lorentz
Father of Cloning Ian Willmut
Father of Chemotherapy Paul Ehrlich
Father of Eugenics Francis Galton
Father of Bryology Johann Hedwig
Father of Indian Ecology R Mishra
Father of Mutation Hugo De Vries
Father of Indian Phycology OP Iyengar
Father of Genetic Engineering Paul Berg
Father of Ayurveda Charka
Father of Polio Vaccine Jonas Salk
Father of Taxonomy Carolus Linnaeus
Father of Embryology Aristotle
Father of Microscopy Marcello Malpighi
Father of Blood Circulation William Harvey
Father of Medicine Hippocrates
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Father of Blood Groups Karl Landsteiner
Father of Radiation Genetics HJ Muller
Father of Palaentology Leonardo da Vinci
Father of Flistology Francis Bichet
Father of DNA Finger Printing Garrod
Father of ATP Cycle Lipmann
Father of Stress Physiology Hans Selye
Father of Gerontology Korenchevsk
Father of Bacteriology Robert Koch
Father of Antibiotics Alexander Fleming
Father of Pathology Rudolph Virchow
Father of Virology WM Stanley
Father of Epidemiology John Snow
Father of Endocrinology Thomas Addison
Father of Homeopathy Hahnemann
Father of Green Revolution Norman Borlaug
IMPORTANT BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY
Name of the Branch Description
Agrostology Study of grasses
Allometry Study of relationship of body size to shape,
anatomy, physiology and finally behaviour
Anthology Study of Flowers
Anatomy Study of internal structures
Archaeobiology Study of the biology of ancient times
through archaeological materials
Biocybernetics Application of Cybernetics to Biological
sciences
Bacteriology Study of bacteria
Biophysics Study of Physical aspects of living systems
Biochemistry Study of chemicals constituting the body and
chemical reactions
Biotechnology Utilization of living organisms in Industrial
Processes
Biogeography Study of the geographic distributions of
living organisms.
Cell Biology Study of structure, functions, reproduction,
and life cycle of cells
Chronobiology Study of time-dependent phenomena in
living organisms.
Ctetology Study of acquired characters of organisms
Craniology Study of Skulls
Cryobiology Study of the effects of low temperatures on
living organisms.
Cytology Study of detailed structure of cells
Cardiology Study of hears and its functioning
Dendrology Study of shrubs and trees
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Ecology Study of relationships between organism
and environment
Eidonomy Study of external appearance of an organism
Endocrinology Study of ductless glands and their hormones
Ethology Study of behaviour of animals
Ethnobiology Study of the way plants and animals are
treated or used by different human cultures
Entomology Study of life history of insects
Eugenics Study of science dealing with factors which
improve successive generations of human
race
Euthenics Science deals with improvement of future of
humanity by changing environment
Enzymology Study of enzymes
Embryology Study of development of embryo and its
growth and repair
Esthesiology Scientific study of sensation
Floriculture Cultivation of flower yielding plants
Forensic biology Application of Biology to law enforcement
Genetics Study of heredity and variations
Gerontology Study of the social, psychological, cognitive
and biological aspects of aging.
Glycobiology Study of the structure, biosynthesis, and
biology of saccharides (sugar chains or
glycans)
Haematology Study of blood and disease caused by it
Helminthology Study of parasitic worms
Herpatology Study of reptiles
Hydrobiology Science of life and life processes in water
Immunology Study of natural or acquired resistance to
specific diseases
Ichthyology Study of fish and its culture
Karyology Study of nucleus
Kinesiology Study of muscle movements
Koniology Study of dust in relation to its effects on
health.
Limnology Study of snails
Lipidology Study of lipids
Mastology Study of breasts
Morphology Study of form and structure
Myology Study of muscles
Mycology Study of Fungi
Microbiology Study of microorganisms like bacteria and
viruses
Molecular Biology Study of chemicals living at molecular level
Mammalogy Study of mammals
Malacology Study of molluscs and their shells
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Mechanobiology Study of interface of Biology and Engineering
Neonatalogy Study of new born up to the age of 2 months
Neurology Study of neurons and nerve rings
Nosology Classification of diseases
Osteology Study of Skeletal system
Odontology Study of teeth
Organology Study of different organs
Ontogeny Study of various life-cycles
Ornithology Study of Birds
Ophiology Study of Snakes
Olericulture Study of cultivation of vegetables
Oncology Study of tumors
Physiology Study of process and function associated
with life
Phylogeny Study of Evolutionary relationship among
different groups of organisms
Palaeontology Study of fossils
Parasitology Study of parasites
Primatology Study of Primates
Protozeology Study of Protozoa
Pedology Study of different types of Soils
Phenomics Study of the physical and biochemical traits
of organisms
Phenology Study of periodic plant and animal life cycle
events
Pomology Study of Fruits
Psychobiology Study of behavioural aspects of animals
Phytogeography Study of plant distribution on the earth
Pharmocology Scientific study of drugs
Photobiology Study of interaction of light and living
organisms
Protistology Study of Protists (Eukaryotic
Microorganisms)
Paleobotany Study of distribution and characteristics of
fossils
Radiology Study of effects of radiation on living being
Sarcology Study of muscles
Scotobiology Study of Biological effects of darkness
Sociobiology Study of the biological bases of sociology
Syndesmology Study of bone joints and ligaments
Serology Study of blood serum
Silviculture Study of cultivation of timber yielding plants
Splanchnology Study of internal organs
Tectology Study of structural organization of body
Trophology Study of Nutrition Science
Toxicology Study of poisons and method of treatment
Taxonomy Study of nomenclature and classification of
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organisms
Urology Study of urine and its diseases
Virology Study of viruses
Veterinary Science Study of Animal Medicine
Zoology Study of Animals
SOME HUMAN DISEASES CAUSED BY VIRUSES
Disease Pathogen
Chickenpox Herpes zoster virus
Smallpox Variola Virus
Poliomyelitis Polio Virus
Measles Rubella Virus
Mumps Mumps Virus
Rabies Rabies Virus
SOME HUMAN DISEASES BY BACTERIA
Disease Pathogen
Tuberculosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Diphtheria Corynebacterium diptheriae
Cholera Vibrio cholera
Leprosy Mycobacterium leprae
Tetanus Clostridium tetani
Typhoid Salmonella typhi
Plague Pasteurella pestis
Gonorrhoea Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Pneumonia Diplococcus pneumoniae
Salmonellosis Salmonellaenteridis
PRESIDENTS AND PRIME MINISTERS
Country Name President Prime Minister
Algeria Abdelaziz Bouteflika Abdelmalek Sellal
Afghanistan Ashraf Ghani
Angola José Eduardo dos Santos
Albania Bujar Nishani Edi Rama
Andorra Antoni Martí (Head of the
government)
Armenia Serzh Sargsyan Hovik Abrahamyan
Aruba Mike Eman
Austria Heinz Fischer
Australia Elizabeth II (Queen) Malcolm Turnbull
Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev Artur Rasizade
Bahrain
Benin Yayi Boni Lionel Zinsou
Belarus Alexander Lukashenko Andrei Kobyakov
Bhutan Jigme Khesar Namgyel
Wangchuck( King)
Tshering Tobgay
Brunei Hassanal Bolkiah (King)
Brazil Dilma Rousseff
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Bangladesh Abdul Hamid Sheikh Hasina
Belgium Charles Michel
Botswana Ian Khama
Bolivia Evo Morales
Burkina Faso Michel Kafando (Acting
President)
Yacouba Isaac Zida( Acting
Primeminister)
Burundi Pierre Nkurunziza
Bulgaria Rosen Plevneliev Boyko Borisov
Belize Dean Barrow
Cameroon Paul Biya Philémon Yang
Cape Verde Jorge Carlos Fonseca José Maria Neves
Canada Stephen Harper
Cenral African
Republic
Catherine Samba-
Panza(Acting President)
Mahamat Kamoun (Acting Prime
Minister)
Chad Idriss Déby Kalzeubet Pahimi Deubet
Comoros Ikililou Dhoinine -
Cambodia Hun Sen
Congo- Brazzaville Denis Sassou Nguesso
China (People's
Republic of China)
Xi Jinping
Chile Michelle Bachelet
Congo- Kinshasha
Côte d'Ivoire Alassane Ouattara Daniel Kablan Duncan
Comoros Ikililou Dhoinine
Costa Rica Luis Guillermo Solís
Cook Islands Henry Puna
Croatia Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović Zoran Milanović
Cuba - NDE Raúl Castro Raúl Castro
Cyprus Nicos Anastasiades
Dominica Charles Savarin Roosevelt Skerrit
Dominican Republic Danilo Medina Margarita Cedeño de Fernández
Czech Republic Miloš Zeman Bohuslav Sobotka
Djibouti Ismaïl Omar Guelleh Abdoulkader Kamil Mohamed
Denmark Lars Løkke Rasmussen
Djibouti Ismaïl Omar Guelleh Abdoulkader Kamil Mohamed
Egypt Abdel Fattah el-Sisi Sherif Ismail
Equatorial Guinea Teodoro Obiang Nguema
Mbasogo
Vicente Ehate Tomi
East Timor Taur Matan Ruak Rui Maria de Araújo
Ecuador Rafael Correa Jorge Glas
Eriteria Isaias Afwerki
El Salvador Salvador Sánchez Cerén
Eritrea Isaias Afwerki
Estonia Toomas Hendrik Ilves Taavi Rõivas
Ethiopia Mulatu Teshome Hailemariam Desalegn Boshe
Fiji Epeli Nailatikau Frank Bainimarama
Gabon Ali Bongo Ondimba Daniel Ona Ondo
The Gambia Yahya Jammeh
Ghana John Dramani Mahama
Guinea Alpha Condé Mohamed Said Fofana
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Guinea-Bissau José Mário Vaz Carlos Correia
Georgia Giorgi Margvelashvili Irakli Garibashvili
Germany Joachim Gauck Chancellor-Angela Merkel
Ghana John Dramani Mahama
Greece Prokopis Pavlopoulos Alexis Tsipras
Grenada Governor General-Cecile La
Grenade
Keith Mitchell
Guatemala Otto Fernando Perez Molina
Guyana David A. Granger Moses Nagamootoo
Haiti Michel Martelly Evans Paul
Honduras Juan Orlando Hernandez
Alvarado
India Pranab Mukherjee Narendra Modi
Indonesia Joko Widodo
Iran Hassan Rouhani
Iraq Fuad Masum Haider al-Abadi
Israel Reuven Rivlin Binyamin "Bibi" Netanyahu
Ireland Michael Daniel Higgins Enda Kenny
Italy Sergio Mattarella Matteo Renzi
Iceland Olafur Ragnar Grimsson Sigmundur David
Intelligence Agencies of the World
Intelligence Agencies Country
Inter Services Intelligence (ISI) Pakistan
Central Intelligence Agencies (CIA) and
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
United States of America
Komitet gosudarstvennoy bezopasnosti
(KGB)/ Glavnoje Razvedyvatel'noje
Upravlenije (GRU)
Russia
MOSSAD Israel
Militärischer Nachrichtendienst Switzerland
Australian Security and Intelligence
Organization
Australia
Centro Intelligence Interforze (CII) Italy
Royal Intelligence Corps Malaysia
Mukhbarat Egypt
Central External Liaison Department China
Military Counterintelligence Service Germany
Sazamane Etelaat va Amniate Kechvar
(SAVAK)
Iran
Etterretningstjenesten Norway
Naicho Japan
Bureau of State Security (BOSS) South Africa
Canadian Security Intelligence Service Canada
Al Mukbharat Iraq
Direction General de Securite Exterieur
(DGSE)
France
Secret Intelligence Service United Kingdom
General Intelligence Presidency Saudi Arabia
Security and Intelligence Division Singapore
Parliaments of different Countries
Country Parliament
India Sansad (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha)
Bangladesh Jatiya Sansad
Spain Cortes Generales
Pakistan National Assembly
Nepal Rashtriya Panchayat
Israel Knesset
Canada Parliament
Russia Duma and Federal Council
United States of America Congress (House of Representatives and
Senate)
Germany Bundstag – Upper House
Bundesrat – Lower House
Maldives Mazlis
Bhutan Tshogdu
Australia Federal Parliament
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Denmark Folketing
China National People’s Congress
Iran Majlis
Mynamar Pyithu Hluttaw
Japan Diet
France National Assembly
Norway Storting
Afghanistan Shora
Turkey Grand National Assembly
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND HEADQUARTERS
International renewable energy agency Abu Dhabi(UAE)
Transparency international Berlin
Universal postal union Berne
World Health Organization (WHO) Geneva
World Trade Organization (WTO) Geneva
International Labour Organization (ILO) Geneva
International Telecommunication Union Geneva
World Meteorological Organization Geneva
International committee of the red cross Geneva
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Geneva
International standard organization Geneva
United Nation Conference on Trade And Development [UNCTAD] Geneva
SAARC Kathmandu
Amnesty international London
International maritime organization London
Common wealth of nations London
World Tourism Organization London
International Criminal Police Organization(Interpol) Lyon
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Montreal
United Nations Organizations (UNO) New York
United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) New York
United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) New York
Organization for ECONOMIC Co-Operation Development [ OECD ] Paris
United Nations Educational, Scientific and cultural organizations
(UNESCO)
Paris
Food and agriculture organization Rome
World Tourism Organization Spain
International court of justice Hague
Organization of the PETROLEUM Exporting Countries [ OPEC ] Vienna
International atomic energy agency Vienna
United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) Vienna
Global Financial Integrity (GFI) Washington,D.C.
World bank Washington,D.C.
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International Monetary Fund (IMF) Washington,D.C.
Bank of International Settlement Switzerland
GEOGRAPHICAL EPITHETS
Name Place
Yellow River Hwang Ho
Blue Mountains Nilgiri Hills, India
Windy City Chicago, USA
City of Sky Scrappers New York, USA
Venice of the North Stockholm
City of Dreaming Spires Oxford, England
Venice of the East Cochin, India
City of Golden Gate San Francicso, USA
Sugar Bowl of the World Cuba
Cockpit of Europe Belgium
Queen of the Adriatic Venice, Italy
Dark Continent Africa
Eternal City Rome
Pearl of Antilles Cuba
Land of Rising Sun Japan
Island of Pearls Bahrain
Forbidden City Lhasa, Tibet
Granite City Aberdeen, Scotland
Land of Golden Fleece Australia
Land of White Elephant Thailand
Land of Mid Night Sun Norway
Never Never Land Prairies of Northern Australia
Pillars of Hercules Strait of Gibraltar
Herring Pond Atlantic Ocean
China’s Sorrow Hwang Ho
NATIONAL EMBLEMS OF IMPORTANT COUNTRIES
Country Emblem
India Lion Capital of Ashoka
Pakistan Crescent and Star
Bangladesh Water Lilly
Netherlands Lion
UK Rose
USA Golden Rod
Italy White Lilly
Australia Kangaroo
New Zealand Kiwi
Germany Corn Flower
Norway Lion
France Lily
Iran Rose
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Spain Eagle
Japan Chrysanthemum
Canada Maple Leaf, Lily
Sri Lanka Lion
Hong Kong Bauhinia
Iran Rose
Israel Candelabrum
Turkey Crescent and Star
NEWS AGENCIES OF SOME COUNTRIES
Country Agency
USA Associated Press (AP), United Press
International (UP)
UK Reuters
Russia Telegraph Agency of the Sovereign States
(TASS), Novosti
Malaysia Malaysian National News Agency (MNNA)
Italy Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associate (ANSA)
Israel Associated Israel Press (AIP)
France Agence France Presse (AFP)
India Press Trust of India (PTI), United News of
India (UNI), Samachar Bharti
China Hin Hua
Japan Kyodo
Indonesia Antara
Iran Islamic Republic News Agency (IRNA)
Germany Deutsche Presse Agentur (DPA)
Palestine WAFA
Australia Australian Associated Press
Pakistan Pakistan Press International (PPI), Associated
Press of Pakistan (APP)
Egypt Middle East News Agency (MENA)
SIGNS AND SYMBOLS
Signs and Symbols Meaning
Pen Symbol of Culture and Civilization
Red Cross Medical Aid and Hospital
Red Flag Revolution and also a sign of Danger
Black Flag Symbol of Protest
Yellow Flag Flown on Ships or Vehicles carrying patients
suffering from infectious diseases
Flag flown upside down Symbol of distress
Flag flown at half mast Symbol of National Mourning
White Flag Symbol of Truce
Red Triangle Sign of Family Planning
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Pegion or Dove Symbol of Peace
Red Light Stop or Danger or Emergency
Wheel Symbol of Progress
Olive Branch Symbol of Peace
Union Jack National Flag of UK
Stars and Stripes National Flag of the USA
LIST OF LOCAL WINDS
Name of the Local Wind Nature of Wind
Chinook Hot and Dry wind in Rockies
Foehn Hot and Dry wind in Alps
Khamsin Hot and Dry wind in Egypt
Sirocco Hot and Moist wind from Sahara to
Mediterranean Sea
Solano Hot and Moist wind from Sahara towards
Iberian Peninsula
Harmattan Hot and Dry Wind blowing in West Africa
Bora Cold and Dry wind blowing outwards from
Hungary to Northern Italy
Mistral Very cold wind (Blows from Alps over
France)
Punas Cold and dry wind blowing down towards
the western side of Andes
Blizzard Cold winds in Tundra Region
Purga Cold wind in Russian Tundra
Levanter Cold wind in Spain
Norwester Hot wind in New Zealand
Santa Ana Hot wind in South California
IMPORTANT STRAITS OF THE WORLD
Name of the Strait Water Bodies Joined
Bab-al-Mandeb Red Sea and Arabian Sea
Bering Arctic Ocean and Bering Sea
Bosphorus Black Sea and Marmara Sea
Dover North Sea and Atlantic Ocean
Florida Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean
Gibralter Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean
Malacca Java sea and Bay of Bengal
Palk Bay of Bengal and Indian Ocean
Megellan South Pacific and South Atlantic Ocean
Sunda Java Sea and Indian Ocean
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IMPORTANT CANALS IN THE WORLD
Name of the Canal Connects
Panama Sea Pacific Ocean with Caribbean Sea
Suez Canal Mediterranean Sea to Red Sea
Erie Atlantic Ocean to Great Lakes
Kiel North Sea to Baltic Sea
IMPORTANT LAKES IN THE WORLD
Lake Location
Caspian Russia and CIS
Superior Canada and USA
Victoria Tanzania (Africa)
Huron Canada and USA
Michigan USA
Tanganyika Africa
Baikal Russia (CIS)
Great Bear Canada
Aral Russia (CIS)
Great Slave Canada
MAJOR RIVERS OF THE WORLD
River Origin
Nile Victoria Lake
Amazon Andes (Peru)
Yangtze Tibetan Kiang Plateau
Mississipi
Missouri
Itaska Lake (USA)
Yenisei Tannu-Ola Mountains
Hunag Ho Kunlun Mountains
Ob Altai Mountais, Russia
Congo Lualaba and Luapula rivers
Amur North East China
Lena Baikal Mountains
Mekong Tibetan Highlands
Niger Guinea
GREAT DESERTS OF THE WORLD
Name of the Desert Country/Region
Sahara (Libyan, Nubian) North Africa
Australian (Gibson, Simpson), Victorian
(Great Sandy)
Australia
Arabian (Rub al Khali, An-Nafud) Arabia
Dast-e-Lut (Barren Desert) Iran
Dast-e-Kavir (Salt Desert) Iran
Desierto de Sechura Peru
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Atacama N Chile
Patagonia Argentina
Kalahari Botswana
Namib Namibia
FAMOUS GRASSLANDS OF THE WORLD
Grasslands Countries
Steppe Eurasia
Pustaz Hungary
Prairie USA
Pampas Argentina and Uruguay
Veld South Africa
Downs Australia
Cantebury New Zealand
IMPORTANT INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY LINES
Name of the Boundary Line In Between Countries
Radcliffe Line India and Pakistan
Mac Mohan Line India and China
Durand Line Pakistan and Afghanistan
Hindenburg Line Germany and Poland
Maginot Line France and Germany
Order Neisse Line Germany and Poland
Siegfried Line Fortification between Germany and France
38th Parallel Line North and South Korea
49th Parellel Line USA and Canada
24th Parallel Line Pakistan claims it is the boundary between
India and Pakistan in Rann of Kuchch
17th Parallel Line North Vietnam and South Vietnam
DIFFERENT REVOLUTIONS
Name of the Revolution Associated Field
Yellow Revolution Oilseeds
White Revolution Milk
Black Revolution Petroleum Production
Red Revolution Meat and Tomato Products
Round Revolution Potato
Silver Fiber Revolution Cotton
Blue Revolution Fish
Pink Revolution Shrimp
Grey Revolution Wool
Evergreen Revolution Overall Development of Agriculture
Green Revolution Food Grains
Golden Revolution Horticulture
Silver Revolution Egg and Poultry
Brown Revolution Cocoa
Rainbow Revolution Amalgamation of all the above revolutions
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IMPORTANT CUPS AND TROPHIES
Sport Cup and Trophy
Polo Ezra Cup, Winchestor Cup, Radha Mohan
Cup
Bridge Ruia Trophy
Rowing Wollington Trophy
Boxing Aspy Adjania Trophy
Badminton Thomas Cup (Men), Uber Cup (Women),
Narang Cup, Agarwal Cup
Cricket Irani Trophy, Duleep Trophy, Ranji Trophy,
Vizzy Trophy, Asia Cup, Deodhar Trophy, CK
Naidu Trophy, Cooch-Behar Trophy, Vijay
Merchant Trophy, Vizzy Trophy
Hockey Agha Khan Cup, Azlan Shah Cup, Nehru
Trophy, Dhyanchand Trophy, Beighton Cup,
Scindia Gold Cup, Modi Gold Cup, Khan
Abdul Gaffar Cup, Rangaswami Cup, Rene
Frank Trophy
Lawn Tennis Davis Cup, Hamlet Cup, Australian Open,
French Open, Wimbledon, US Open
Table Tennis Corbillion Cup (Women), Jayalaxmi Cup
(Women), Swaythling Cup (Men),Barna-
Bellack Cup,
Golf Canada Cup, Muthiah Gold Cup, Ryder Cup,
Walker Cup
Football Durand Cup, Nizam Gold Cup, Rovers Cup,
Sanjay Gold Cup, Santosh Trophy, Subroto
Mukherjee Cup, Vittal Trophy, Nehru Gold
Cup,
IMPORTANT FESTIVALS IN THE WORLD
Alba White Truffle Festival Alba, Italy
Baltic Herring Festival Helsinki, Finland
Chinchilla Melon Festival(Watermelon) Australia
Chocolate Festival London, UK
International Mango Festival New Delhi, India
Ivrea Orange Festival Ivrea, Italy
Maine Lobster Festival Rockland USA
Maslenitsa Festival (Pancake Festival) Moscow, Russia
Melbourne Food & Wine Festival Melbourne, Australia
Mistura Food Festival Lima, Peru
Monkey Buffet Festival Lopburi Province, Thailand
Oktoberfest Munich, Germany
Onion Eating Festival Spain
Orange Festival Poland
Pancake Festival Moscow, Russia
San Francisco Street Food Festival San Francisco, USA
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Potato Festival – Sweden
Tomato Festival Spain
Vegetarian Festival Thailand
FAMOUS MONUMENTS AROUND THE WORLD
Name of the Monument Country
Statue of Liberty New York, USA
The Eiffel Tower Paris, France
St Basil’s Cathedral Moscow, Russia
Blue Domed Church Santorini, Greece
The Great Sphinx Giza, Egypt
Machu Pichu Peru
Big Ben London
Burj al Arab Hotel Dubai
Tower of Pisa Italy
Christ the Redeemer Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Lascaux Cave Paintings France
Loch Ness Scotland
Mont St Michel France
Bran Castle Transylvania, Romania
Agia Sophia Istanbul, Turkey
Branderburg Gate Berlin, Germany
Acropolis Athens, Greece
Sagrada Familia Barcelona, Spain
Uluru Sandstone Australia
Mount Fuji Japan
Mount Eden Crater New Zealand
Al Aqsa Mosque Jerusalem
Angkor Wat Cambodia
St Peter’s Cathedral Vatican City
Mount Rushmore South Dakota
Victoria Falls Between Zambia and Zimbabwe
The Great Canyon Arizona
Petra Rock cut Architecture Jordan
Cape of Good Hope South Africa
Chichen Itza Mexico
Inukshuk Canada
Table Mountain Cape Town, South Africa
Golden Gate Bridge San Francisco, California
Kilimanjaro Tanzania
Forbidden City Beijing
Iguazu Falls On the border of Brazil and Argentina
The Colosseum Rome, Italy
Twyfelfontein – Ancient Rock Engravings Namibia
The Blue Mosque Istanbul
Millau Bridge France
Luxor Temple Egypt
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Faisal Mosque Islamabad, Pakistan
The Empire State Building New York
Newgrange Tomb Ireland
Tilcho Lake Nepal
Pompeii Italy
The Wailing Wall Jerusalem
Abu Simbel Egypt
Middle of the Earth or The Ciudad Mitad del
Mundo
Ecuador
Potala Palace Llasa, Tibet
Angel Falls Venezuela
Ephesus Turkey
Twelve Apostles Australia
The National Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall China
The Sultan Ahmed Mosque Turkey
THE WORLD’S GREAT MOUNTAIN RANGES
Name Continent Highest Peak Peak Height (Ft)
Himalayas Asia Mount Everest 29035
Karakoram Asia K2 28251
Hindu Kush Asia Tirich Mir 25289
Pamir Asia Ismoil Somoni Peak 24590
Tien Shan Asia Jengish Chokusu 24406
Andes South America Aconcagua 22838
Alaska Range North America Denali 20322
Caucasus Europe/Asia Mount Elbrus 18510
Alps Europe Mount Blanc 15780
Transantarctic
Range
Antarctica Mount Kirkpatrick 14856
Rockies North America Mount Elbert 14440
Great Dividing
Range
Australia Mount Kosciuszko 7310
Urals Asia/Europe Mount Narodnaya 6217
MAJOR STOCK EXCHANGES IN THE WORLD
Exchange Economy Headquarters
New York Stock Exchange United States New York
NASDAQ United States New York
London Stock Exchange
Group
United Kingdom
Italy
London
Japan Exchange Group Japan Tokyo
Shanghai Exchange Group China Shanghai
Hong Kong Stock Exchange Hong Kong Hong Kong
Euronext European Union Amsterdam
Brussels
Lisbon
Paris
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Shenzhen Stock Exchange China Shenzhen
TMX Group Canada Toronto
Deutsche Borse Germany Frankfurt
Bombay Stock Exchange India Mumbai
National Stock Exchange of
India
India Mumbai
Australian Securities
Exchange
Australia Sydney
Korea Exchange South Korea Seoul
OMX Nordic Exchange Northern Europe
Armenia
Stockholm
JSE Limited South Africa Johannesburg
BME Spanish Exchanges Spain Madrid
Taiwan Stock Exchange Taiwan Taipei
BM&F Bovespa Brazil Sao Paulo
ALL COUNTRIES CAPITAL AND CURRENCIES
Australian Dollar
Australia Canberra Australian dollar
Christmas Island Flying Fish Cove Australian dollar
Cocos (Keeling) Islands Bantam Australian dollar
Kiribati Tarawa Australian dollar
Nauru Yaren Australian dollar
Norfolk Island Kingston Australian dollar
Tuvalu Fongafale82 Australian dollar
CFA Franc
Benin Porto Novo CFA franc
Burkina Faso Ouagadougou CFA franc
Cameroon Yaoundé CFA franc
Central African Republic Bangui CFA franc
Chad N'Djamena CFA franc
Congo Brazzaville CFA franc
Côte d'Ivoire Yamoussoukro30 CFA franc
Equatorial Guinea Malabo CFA franc
Gabon Libreville CFA franc
Guinea-Bissau Bissau CFA franc
Mali Bamako CFA franc
Niger Niamey CFA franc
Senegal Dakar CFA franc
Togo Lomé CFA franc
CFP Franc
French Polynesia Papeete CFP franc
New Caledonia Nouméa CFP franc
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Wallis and Futuna Mata-Utu CFP franc
Dinar
Algeria Algiers Algerian dinar
Bahrain Manama Bahraini dinar
Iraq Baghdad Iraqi dinar
Jordan Amman Jordanian dinar
Kuwait Kuwait City Kuwaiti dinar
Libya Tripoli Libyan dinar
Serbia and Montenegro Belgrade70 dinar (1); euro (2)
Sudan Khartoum Sudanese dinar
Tunisia Tunis Tunisian dinar
Dollar
The Bahamas Nassau Bahamian dollar
Barbados Bridgetown Barbados dollar
Belize Belmopan Belize dollar
Bermuda Hamilton Bermuda dollar
Brunei Bandar Seri Begawan Brunei dollar
Canada Ottawa Canadian dollar
Cayman Islands George Town Cayman Islands dollar
Fiji Suva Fiji dollar
Guyana Georgetown Guyanese dollar
Hong Kong - Hong Kong dollar
Jamaica Kingston Jamaica dollar
Liberia Monrovia Liberian dollar
Namibia Windhoek
Namibian dollar; South
African rand
Singapore Singapore Singapore dollar
Solomon Islands Honiara Solomon Islands dollar
Trinidad and Tobago Port of Spain
Trinidad and Tobago
dollar
Zimbabwe Harare Zimbabwe dollar
East Carribean Dollar
Anguilla The Valley
Eastern Caribbean
dollar
Antigua and Barbuda St John's
Eastern Caribbean
dollar
Dominica Roseau
Eastern Caribbean
dollar
Grenada St George's
Eastern Caribbean
dollar
Montserrat Plymouth
Eastern Caribbean
dollar
Saint Kitts and Nevis Basseterre
Eastern Caribbean
dollar
Saint Lucia Castries
Eastern Caribbean
dollar
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Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Kingstown
Eastern Caribbean
dollar
Euro
Serbia and Montenegro Belgrade dinar (1); euro (2)
Andorra Andorra la Vella Euro
Austria Vienna Euro
Belgium Brussels Euro
Finland Helsinki Euro
France Paris Euro
French Guiana Cayenne Euro
Germany Berlin Euro
Greece Athens Euro
Guadeloupe Basse Terre Euro
Ireland Dublin Euro
Italy Rome Euro
Luxembourg Luxembourg Euro
Martinique Fort-de-France Euro
Mayotte Mamoudzou Euro
Monaco Monaco Euro
Netherlands Amsterdam54 Euro
Portugal Lisbon euro
Réunion Saint-Denis euro
Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saint-Pierre euro
San Marino San Marino euro
Spain Madrid euro
The Hoy See (Vatican City State) Vatican City euro
Franc
Burundi Bujumbura Burundi franc
Comoros Moroni Comorian franc
Democratic Republic of the Congo Kinshasa Congolese franc
Djibouti Djibouti Djibouti franc
Guinea Conakry Guinean franc
Madagascar Antananarivo Malagasy franc
Rwanda Kigali Rwandese franc
Liechtenstein Vaduz Swiss franc
Switzerland Berne Swiss franc
Krone
Denmark Copenhagen
Danish krone (pl.
kroner)
Faeroe Islands Thorshavn
Danish krone (pl.
kroner)
Greenland Nuuk
Danish krone (pl.
kroner)
Norway Oslo
Norwegian krone (pl.
kroner)
Svalbard and Jan Mayen Longyearbyen
Norwegian krone (pl.
kroner)
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Sweden Stockholm
Swedish krona (pl.
kronor)
New Zealand dollar
Cook Islands Avarua New Zealand dollar
New Zealand Wellington New Zealand dollar
Niue Alofi New Zealand dollar
Pitcairn Islands Adamstown New Zealand dollar
Tokelau Fakaofo New Zealand dollar
Peso
Argentina Buenos Aires Argentine peso
Chile Santiago Chilean peso
Colombia Santa Fe de Bogotá Colombian peso
Cuba Havana Cuban peso
Dominican Republic Santo Domingo Dominican peso
Mexico Mexico City Mexican peso
Philippines Manila Philippine peso
Uruguay Montevideo Uruguayan peso
RUPEE
India New Delhi Indian rupee
Mauritius Port Louis Mauritian rupee
Nepal Kathmandu Nepalese rupee
Pakistan Islamabad Pakistani rupee
Seychelles Victoria Seychelles rupee
Sri Lanka Colombo Sri Lankan rupee
Singular Currency countries
Afghanistan Kabul Afghani
Albania Tirana Lek
Angola Luanda Kwanza
Armenia Yerevan dram (inv.)
Aruba Oranjestad Aruban guilder
Azerbaijan Baku Azerbaijani manat
Bangladesh Dhaka taka (inv.)
Belarus Minsk Belarusian rouble
Bhutan Thimphu ngultrum (inv.)
Bolivia Sucre16 Boliviano
Bosnia and Herzegovina Sarajevo Bosnian convertible mark
Botswana Gaborone pula (inv.)
Brazil Brasilia Brazilian real (pl. reais)
Bulgaria Sofia lev (pl. leva)
Cambodia Phnom Penh Riel
Cape Verde Praia Cape Verde escudo
China Beijing renminbi-yuan (inv.)
Costa Rica San José
Costa Rican colón (pl.
colones)
Croatia Zagreb kuna (inv.)
Cyprus Nicosia Cyprus pound
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Czech Republic Prague Czech koruna (pl. koruny)
Egypt Cairo Egyptian pound
Eritrea Asmara nakfa (inv.)
Estonia Tallinn Estonian kroon (pl. krooni)
Ethiopia Addis Ababa Ethiopian birr (inv.)
Falkland Islands Stanley Falkland Islands pound
Former Yugoslav Republic of
Macedonia Skopje denar (inv.)
Georgia Tbilisi Lari
Ghana Accra Cedi
Gibraltar Gibraltar Gibraltar pound
Guatemala Guatemala City
Guatemalan quetzal (pl.
quetzales)
Haiti Port-au-Prince Gourde
Honduras Tegucigalpa Lempira
Hungary Budapest forint (inv.)
Iceland Reykjavik Icelandic króna (pl. krónur)
Indonesia Jakarta Indonesian rupiah (inv.)
Iran Tehran Iranian rial
Israel Tel Aviv new shekel
Japan Tokyo yen (inv.)
Kazakhstan Astana tenge (inv.)
Kenya Nairobi Kenyan shilling
Kyrgyzstan Bishkek Som
Laos Vientiane kip (inv.)
Latvia Riga lats (pl. lati)
Lebanon Beirut Lebanese pound
Lesotho Maseru loti (pl. maloti)
Lithuania Vilnius litas (pl. litai)
Macau Macau Pataca
Malawi Lilongwe Malawian kwacha (inv.)
Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Malaysian ringgit (inv.)
Maldives Malé Rufiyaa
Malta Valletta Maltese lira
Mauritania Nouakchott Mauritanian ouguiya
Moldova Chisinau Moldovan leu (pl. lei)
Mongolia Ulan Bator Tugrik
Morocco Rabat Moroccan dirham
Mozambique Maputo metical (pl. meticais)
Myanmar Yangon Kyat
Netherlands Antilles Willemstad
Netherlands Antillean
guilder
Nicaragua Managua Córdoba
Nigeria Abuja58 naira (inv.)
North Korea Pyongyang North Korean won (inv.)
Oman Muscat Omani rial
Panama Panama City Balboa
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Papua New Guinea Port Moresby kina (inv.)
Paraguay Asunción guaraní (pl. guaraníes)
Peru Lima new sol
Poland Warsaw Zloty
Qatar Doha Qatari riyal
Romania Bucharest Romanian leu (pl. lei)
Russia Moscow Rouble
Saint Helena Jamestown Saint Helena pound
Samoa Apia tala (inv.)
São Tomé and Príncipe São Tomé Dobra
Saudi Arabia Riyadh Saudi riyal
Sierra Leone Freetown Leone
Slovakia Bratislava Slovak koruna (pl. koruny)
Slovenia Ljubljana Tolar
Somalia Mogadishu Somali shilling
South Africa Pretoria Rand
South Korea Seoul South Korean won (inv.)
Suriname Paramaribo Suriname guilder
Swaziland Mbabane lilangeni (pl. emalangeni)
Sweden Stockholm Swedish krona (pl. kronor)
Syria Damascus Syrian pound
Tajikistan Dushanbe Somoni
Tanzania Dodoma78 Tanzanian shilling
Thailand Bangkok baht (inv.)
The Gambia Banjul dalasi (inv.)
Tonga Nuku'alofa pa'anga (inv.)
Turkey Ankara Turkish lira
Turkmenistan Ashgabat Turkmen manat (inv.)
Uganda Kampala Ugandan shilling
Ukraine Kiev Hryvnia
United Arab Emirates Abu Dhabi UAE dirham
United Kingdom London pound sterling
Uzbekistan Tashkent sum (inv.)
Vanuatu Port Vila vatu (inv.)
Venezuela Caracas Bolívar
Vietnam Hanoi Dong
Western Sahara85 Al aaiun Moroccan dirham
Yemen San'a Yemeni rial
Zambia Lusaka Zambian kwacha (inv.)
US DOLLARS
American Samoa Pago Pago US dollar
British Virgin Islands Road Town US dollar
Ecuador Quito US dollar
Guam Hagåtña US dollar
Marshall Islands Majuro US dollar
Micronesia Palikir US dollar
Northern Marianas Garapan US dollar
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Palau Koror US dollar
Puerto Rico San Juan US dollar
Timor-Leste Dili US dollar
Turks and Caicos Islands Cockburn Town US dollar
United States Washington DC US dollar
US Virgin Islands Charlotte Amalie US dollar
El Salvador San Salvador US dollar
FATHERS OF VARIOUS BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY
Subject Scientist
Father of Botany Theophrastus
Father of Zoology Aristotle
Father of Biology Aristotle
Father of Modern Botany Linnaeus
Father of Endochrinology Thomas Addison
Father of Immunology Edward Jenner
Father of Agronomy Peter De-cresenji
Father of Genetics GJ Mendel
Father of Modern Genetics TH Morgan
Father of Biodiversity EO Wilson
Father of Cytology Robert Hooke
Father of Palynology Erdtman
Father of Mycology Micheli
Father of Indian Forestry Sir Dietrich Brandis
Father of Plant Physiology Stephan Hales
Father of Gene Therapy Anderson
Father of Indian Paleobotany Birbal Sahani
Father of Polygenic Inheritance Kolreuter
Father of Surgery and Plastic Surgery Susruta
Father of Anatomy Herophilus
Father of Ethology Konard Lorentz
Father of Cloning Ian Willmut
Father of Chemotherapy Paul Ehrlich
Father of Eugenics Francis Galton
Father of Bryology Johann Hedwig
Father of Indian Ecology R Mishra
Father of Mutation Hugo De Vries
Father of Indian Phycology OP Iyengar
Father of Genetic Engineering Paul Berg
Father of Ayurveda Charka
Father of Polio Vaccine Jonas Salk
Father of Taxonomy Carolus Linnaeus
Father of Embryology Aristotle
Father of Microscopy Marcello Malpighi
Father of Blood Circulation William Harvey
Father of Medicine Hippocrates
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Father of Blood Groups Karl Landsteiner
Father of Radiation Genetics HJ Muller
Father of Palaentology Leonardo da Vinci
Father of Flistology Francis Bichet
Father of DNA Finger Printing Garrod
Father of ATP Cycle Lipmann
Father of Stress Physiology Hans Selye
Father of Gerontology Korenchevsk
Father of Bacteriology Robert Koch
Father of Antibiotics Alexander Fleming
Father of Pathology Rudolph Virchow
Father of Virology WM Stanley
Father of Epidemiology John Snow
Father of Endocrinology Thomas Addison
Father of Homeopathy Hahnemann
Father of Green Revolution Norman Borlaug
IMPORTANT BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY
Name of the Branch Description
Agrostology Study of grasses
Allometry Study of relationship of body size to shape,
anatomy, physiology and finally behaviour
Anthology Study of Flowers
Anatomy Study of internal structures
Archaeobiology Study of the biology of ancient times
through archaeological materials
Biocybernetics Application of Cybernetics to Biological
sciences
Bacteriology Study of bacteria
Biophysics Study of Physical aspects of living systems
Biochemistry Study of chemicals constituting the body and
chemical reactions
Biotechnology Utilization of living organisms in Industrial
Processes
Biogeography Study of the geographic distributions of
living organisms.
Cell Biology Study of structure, functions, reproduction,
and life cycle of cells
Chronobiology Study of time-dependent phenomena in
living organisms.
Ctetology Study of acquired characters of organisms
Craniology Study of Skulls
Cryobiology Study of the effects of low temperatures on
living organisms.
Cytology Study of detailed structure of cells
Cardiology Study of hears and its functioning
Dendrology Study of shrubs and trees
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Ecology Study of relationships between organism
and environment
Eidonomy Study of external appearance of an organism
Endocrinology Study of ductless glands and their hormones
Ethology Study of behaviour of animals
Ethnobiology Study of the way plants and animals are
treated or used by different human cultures
Entomology Study of life history of insects
Eugenics Study of science dealing with factors which
improve successive generations of human
race
Euthenics Science deals with improvement of future of
humanity by changing environment
Enzymology Study of enzymes
Embryology Study of development of embryo and its
growth and repair
Esthesiology Scientific study of sensation
Floriculture Cultivation of flower yielding plants
Forensic biology Application of Biology to law enforcement
Genetics Study of heredity and variations
Gerontology Study of the social, psychological, cognitive
and biological aspects of aging.
Glycobiology Study of the structure, biosynthesis, and
biology of saccharides (sugar chains or
glycans)
Haematology Study of blood and disease caused by it
Helminthology Study of parasitic worms
Herpatology Study of reptiles
Hydrobiology Science of life and life processes in water
Immunology Study of natural or acquired resistance to
specific diseases
Ichthyology Study of fish and its culture
Karyology Study of nucleus
Kinesiology Study of muscle movements
Koniology Study of dust in relation to its effects on
health.
Limnology Study of snails
Lipidology Study of lipids
Mastology Study of breasts
Morphology Study of form and structure
Myology Study of muscles
Mycology Study of Fungi
Microbiology Study of microorganisms like bacteria and
viruses
Molecular Biology Study of chemicals living at molecular level
Mammalogy Study of mammals
Malacology Study of molluscs and their shells
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Mechanobiology Study of interface of Biology and Engineering
Neonatalogy Study of new born up to the age of 2 months
Neurology Study of neurons and nerve rings
Nosology Classification of diseases
Osteology Study of Skeletal system
Odontology Study of teeth
Organology Study of different organs
Ontogeny Study of various life-cycles
Ornithology Study of Birds
Ophiology Study of Snakes
Olericulture Study of cultivation of vegetables
Oncology Study of tumors
Physiology Study of process and function associated
with life
Phylogeny Study of Evolutionary relationship among
different groups of organisms
Palaeontology Study of fossils
Parasitology Study of parasites
Primatology Study of Primates
Protozeology Study of Protozoa
Pedology Study of different types of Soils
Phenomics Study of the physical and biochemical traits
of organisms
Phenology Study of periodic plant and animal life cycle
events
Pomology Study of Fruits
Psychobiology Study of behavioural aspects of animals
Phytogeography Study of plant distribution on the earth
Pharmocology Scientific study of drugs
Photobiology Study of interaction of light and living
organisms
Protistology Study of Protists (Eukaryotic
Microorganisms)
Paleobotany Study of distribution and characteristics of
fossils
Radiology Study of effects of radiation on living being
Sarcology Study of muscles
Scotobiology Study of Biological effects of darkness
Sociobiology Study of the biological bases of sociology
Syndesmology Study of bone joints and ligaments
Serology Study of blood serum
Silviculture Study of cultivation of timber yielding plants
Splanchnology Study of internal organs
Tectology Study of structural organization of body
Trophology Study of Nutrition Science
Toxicology Study of poisons and method of treatment
Taxonomy Study of nomenclature and classification of
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organisms
Urology Study of urine and its diseases
Virology Study of viruses
Veterinary Science Study of Animal Medicine
Zoology Study of Animals
SOME HUMAN DISEASES CAUSED BY VIRUSES
Disease Pathogen
Chickenpox Herpes zoster virus
Smallpox Variola Virus
Poliomyelitis Polio Virus
Measles Rubella Virus
Mumps Mumps Virus
Rabies Rabies Virus
SOME HUMAN DISEASES BY BACTERIA
Disease Pathogen
Tuberculosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Diphtheria Corynebacterium diptheriae
Cholera Vibrio cholera
Leprosy Mycobacterium leprae
Tetanus Clostridium tetani
Typhoid Salmonella typhi
Plague Pasteurella pestis
Gonorrhoea Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Pneumonia Diplococcus pneumoniae
Salmonellosis Salmonellaenteridis
PRESIDENTS AND PRIME MINISTERS
Country Name President Prime Minister
Algeria Abdelaziz Bouteflika Abdelmalek Sellal
Afghanistan Ashraf Ghani
Angola José Eduardo dos Santos
Albania Bujar Nishani Edi Rama
Andorra Antoni Martí (Head of the
government)
Armenia Serzh Sargsyan Hovik Abrahamyan
Aruba Mike Eman
Austria Heinz Fischer
Australia Elizabeth II (Queen) Malcolm Turnbull
Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev Artur Rasizade
Bahrain
Benin Yayi Boni Lionel Zinsou
Belarus Alexander Lukashenko Andrei Kobyakov
Bhutan Jigme Khesar Namgyel
Wangchuck( King)
Tshering Tobgay
Brunei Hassanal Bolkiah (King)
Brazil Dilma Rousseff
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Bangladesh Abdul Hamid Sheikh Hasina
Belgium Charles Michel
Botswana Ian Khama
Bolivia Evo Morales
Burkina Faso Michel Kafando (Acting
President)
Yacouba Isaac Zida( Acting
Primeminister)
Burundi Pierre Nkurunziza
Bulgaria Rosen Plevneliev Boyko Borisov
Belize Dean Barrow
Cameroon Paul Biya Philémon Yang
Cape Verde Jorge Carlos Fonseca José Maria Neves
Canada Stephen Harper
Cenral African
Republic
Catherine Samba-
Panza(Acting President)
Mahamat Kamoun (Acting Prime
Minister)
Chad Idriss Déby Kalzeubet Pahimi Deubet
Comoros Ikililou Dhoinine -
Cambodia Hun Sen
Congo- Brazzaville Denis Sassou Nguesso
China (People's
Republic of China)
Xi Jinping
Chile Michelle Bachelet
Congo- Kinshasha
Côte d'Ivoire Alassane Ouattara Daniel Kablan Duncan
Comoros Ikililou Dhoinine
Costa Rica Luis Guillermo Solís
Cook Islands Henry Puna
Croatia Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović Zoran Milanović
Cuba - NDE Raúl Castro Raúl Castro
Cyprus Nicos Anastasiades
Dominica Charles Savarin Roosevelt Skerrit
Dominican Republic Danilo Medina Margarita Cedeño de Fernández
Czech Republic Miloš Zeman Bohuslav Sobotka
Djibouti Ismaïl Omar Guelleh Abdoulkader Kamil Mohamed
Denmark Lars Løkke Rasmussen
Djibouti Ismaïl Omar Guelleh Abdoulkader Kamil Mohamed
Egypt Abdel Fattah el-Sisi Sherif Ismail
Equatorial Guinea Teodoro Obiang Nguema
Mbasogo
Vicente Ehate Tomi
East Timor Taur Matan Ruak Rui Maria de Araújo
Ecuador Rafael Correa Jorge Glas
Eriteria Isaias Afwerki
El Salvador Salvador Sánchez Cerén
Eritrea Isaias Afwerki
Estonia Toomas Hendrik Ilves Taavi Rõivas
Ethiopia Mulatu Teshome Hailemariam Desalegn Boshe
Fiji Epeli Nailatikau Frank Bainimarama
Gabon Ali Bongo Ondimba Daniel Ona Ondo
The Gambia Yahya Jammeh
Ghana John Dramani Mahama
Guinea Alpha Condé Mohamed Said Fofana
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Guinea-Bissau José Mário Vaz Carlos Correia
Georgia Giorgi Margvelashvili Irakli Garibashvili
Germany Joachim Gauck Chancellor-Angela Merkel
Ghana John Dramani Mahama
Greece Prokopis Pavlopoulos Alexis Tsipras
Grenada Governor General-Cecile La
Grenade
Keith Mitchell
Guatemala Otto Fernando Perez Molina
Guyana David A. Granger Moses Nagamootoo
Haiti Michel Martelly Evans Paul
Honduras Juan Orlando Hernandez
Alvarado
India Pranab Mukherjee Narendra Modi
Indonesia Joko Widodo
Iran Hassan Rouhani
Iraq Fuad Masum Haider al-Abadi
Israel Reuven Rivlin Binyamin "Bibi" Netanyahu
Ireland Michael Daniel Higgins Enda Kenny
Italy Sergio Mattarella Matteo Renzi
Iceland Olafur Ragnar Grimsson Sigmundur David
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